The topic of this article on lower-income students at elite colleges (or the lack thereof) is very close to my heart:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/business/economy/25leonhardt.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
U-M is called out in this article for the fact that we have a preponderance of wealthy students on this campus.
That's true. It's also true that there are people on campus who care deeply about issues of equity and access.
What irks me are articles that blame colleges for ignoring or "overlooking" lower-income students (as this article did) or for "turning their back on" them (like an inflammatory 2006 paper titled "Engines of Inequality" put out by The Education Trust and paid for by the Lumina Foundation). The assumption is that we don't give those kids a chance.
Before you can properly fix a problem, you have to have it defined correctly. I'm not sure some of these screeds on the elitism of colleges have succeeded on that score.
My office has looked into this issue. We were concerned about the income balance among undergrads, and we wanted to know more. Some of what we found surprised us.
(1) Lower-income students are admitted at the same rate at their wealthier peers. We think that's good news; it suggests that our readers (the people who evaluate applications and judge a students' admissability) are being fair. They aren't discriminating against students whose family backgrounds mean they have less-flashy profiles because they had to work more, travel less, participate in fewer extracurriculars, etc.
Now, to dig into this deeper, the NYT article alleges that being admitted equally could also be evidence of discrimination, and they have a point. The fact is, the similarly-qualified peers of these lower-income students may have gotten those test scores (to use test scores as one example) thanks to prep courses, retaking the test, and other helps not available to lower-income students. Their parents' affluence, and a lifetime of enrichment and opportunities, means they may have had an easier time acquiring their academic achievements. I'll accept that. There is more than one way to define fairness; one could argue that fairness means lower-income students should see higher admit rates than equally-qualified peers. That's worth discussing. Under our current parameters, though, I continue to think it's a positive that other things being equal, we don't see differences in U-M admit rates.
(2) Lower-income residents, once admitted, enroll at the same rate at their wealthier counterparts. This is also good news. It means that U-M's aid policies are leveling the playing field for lower-income residents.
Note I said "residents." Our need-based aid policies are geared towards residents, because we are a public institution. [We pledge to meet the full demonstrated need of all residents. We've even started a program to limit the loans for lowest-income residents].
(3) Where we "lose" lower-income students is at the APPLICATION stage. Lower-income students self-select themselves out of the application pool. They don't even apply. They don't give us a chance to evaluate them fairly, to offer them aid, to communicate with them about the opportunities here, their place on campus our commitment to affordability for families like theirs.
Is this a problem? You bet it is. But it's a different problem than the hypothetical one that critics thrust forth, which is that
lower-income students are clamoring at the gates but being turned away by unfeeling, elitist campuses. They are
not clamoring.
That is the issue. It's not an admitting problem, or a cost/aid problem. It's a recruitment problem. And I'll bet other elite colleges face similar challenges.
I'll repeat what I said earlier: Before you can properly fix a problem, you have to have it defined correctly. As for U-M, we are getting there.
In my office in particular, we're doing additional work, exploring such questions as:
- Why don't well-qualified lower-income students apply here?
- Do they understand that they are qualified to be admitted?
- Do they know about our aid policies?
- Is it an issue of perceived fit, or a lack of information?
- Where do they apply instead?
- Are they going to colleges which are a good match for their abilities, or are they aiming lower?
And ultimately:
What can we do to change this, and get more of them to apply?
I've got more to say about that, but I'll save it for another day.